EPIC LEGENDS AS THE SOURCE OF YAMATO HISTORY OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE 4TH CENTURY AD

The article analyzes the information from Japanese historical sources on how the descriptions of events in the first half of the 4th century (the corrected chronology) in the history of Yamato (the unwritten period) remained and were transferred till the time when they were recorded in the late 5th – early 8th centuries. It is found out that from the moment of formation of the Yamato state at a turn of the 3rd – 4th centuries, the historical material remained in epic and historical legends about the “deeds of old times” which are handed down by special story-tellers (Jap. katari-be). According to “Kuji-honki”, such set phrases about ancient deeds were said in the first year of the Emperor Jimmu`s reign (301 AD, the corrected chronology). It is established that there was a special clan of heads of story-tellers and keepers of ancient legends – Ama-katari-no muraji. The Chinese sources have kept the letter of the Japanese ruler Yūryaku of 478 AD in which the existence of epic legends on his ancestors is mentioned. Historical essays have examples of story-tellers, so-called “aged men” (Jap. furuokina). Elements of the epic legends were used in “mourning speeches” (Jap. shinobi-koto), in writing of official chronicles of the country, as well as historical-geographical descriptions of certain provinces (fudoki).

It is established that material of epic legends served a source for the describing events of the East campaign of Jimmu; the foundation of the Yamato state by him (at a turn of the 3rd – 4th centuries); the period of “eight rulers” (316-324 AD, the corrected chronology); and the restoration of unity of Yamato during the reign of Emperor Mimaki (Sūjin, 324-331 AD, the corrected chronology); and development of the Yamato state during the reign of Emperor Ikume (Suinin, 332-336 AD, the corrected chronology). Especially vivid signs of using the epic legends as primary sources of chronicles of early 8th century are found in descriptions of the Western and East campaigns of the prince Yamato-takeru, son of Emperor Ōtarashi-hiko (Keikō, 337 – apprx. 343 AD, the corrected chronology). The description of events of the reigns of Tarashi-naka-tsuhiko (Chūai, apprx. 343-346 AD, the corrected chronology) and his young spouse – Empress Okinaga-tarashi-hime (Jingū, 347-389 AD, the corrected chronology) is based on materials of the epic legends.

Thus, historical data on the deeds of great people of Yamato, rulers and commanders living in the first half of the 4th century (the corrected chronology) are based on the oral legends which have handed down from generation to generation and preserved by storytellers-aged men (furuokina).

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